What Process Is Described Here? a Concentration Gradient of H

Multiple Choice

What process is described here? A concentration gradient of H+ ions is created in the periplasmic space by actively transporting the ions across the membrane using the energy liberated when carrier molecules are oxidized. When the H+ ions pass through ATPase, enough energy is generated to add phosphate groups onto ADP molecules.

A) Fermentation
B) The Calvin cycle
C) Substrate-level phosphorylation
D) Oxidative phosphorylation
E) Deamination