When Test Subjects Are Asked to Recall a List of Letters

Multiple Choice

When test subjects are asked to recall a list of letters they have just seen, the mistakes they make often involve letters that sound similar to the displayed letters. These mistakes are probably due to

A) retrograde amnesia.
B) acoustic encoding.
C) retroactive interference during transfer from echoic to iconic memory.
D) the serial position effect.
E) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.