Question 1

For a within-subjects experiment,one advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

In comparison to a multiple-treatment design,a two-treatment,within subjects design has ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​reduced risk of participant attrition
B)  ​increased risk that time-related factors will influence the data
C)  more challenges with counterbalancing
D)  ​more analytic complexities A

Question 3

A Latin square design is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing five treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​0
B)  ​1
C)  5
D)  ​cannot answer without more information B

Question 4

Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how this design attempts to avoid the major problems that exist with a between-subject design and a within-subjects design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how...

Question 5

What is a time-related threat to internal validity for a within-subjects experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​carry-over
B)  ​instrumentation
C)  progressive error
D)  ​assignment bias

Question 6

Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the limitations or problems that can...

Question 7

When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on individuals and influences their scores in future treatments,the study is confounded by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​history
B)  ​instrumentation
C)  carry-over effects
D)  ​progressive error

Question 8

A researcher is evaluating the changes in performance that occur during a six-week training program.Participants are observed at the beginning and at the end of the program and the researcher rates each individual's level of performance.When the researcher's standards for rating performance change from the first observation to the last,then the internal validity of the study is threatened by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​history
B)  ​instrumentation
C)  maturation
D)  ​statistical regression

Question 9

If one or more of the treatments in an experiment is expected to have a large and long-lasting effect that could influence the participants' scores in later treatments,the best strategy is to use a between-subjects design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Which manipulation of the time period between treatment conditions reduces the chances of history influencing the results of a within-subjects experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​shortening
B)  ​lengthening
C)  shortening and then lengthening
D)  ​randomly varying the period

Question 11

During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment,the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions.For this study,the internal validity is threatened by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​history effects
B)  ​instrumentation
C)  order effects
D)  ​regression toward the mean

Question 12

Order effects can become a confounding variable because ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​all the treatment conditions are affected equally
B)  ​earlier conditions affect outcomes under later conditions
C)  other time-related threats such as history become indistinguishable
D)  ​individual differences between treatment conditions are created

Question 13

If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants' scores are influenced,internal validity is threatened by statistical regression.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

One disadvantage of within-subject designs is that they tend to require more participants than are needed for between-subject designs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Identify two time-related factors that can threaten the internal validity of a within-subjects research study.In each case,explain how the factor could be a confounding variable.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify two time-related factors that can threaten...

Question 16

The effect of counterbalancing is to eliminate order effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

In a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time,it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants' skills or knowledge during the time of the study.When these changes influence the participants' scores,causing scores at the end of the study to be different from scores at the beginning,the effect is called ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​history effects
B)  ​instrumentation
C)  maturation
D)  ​regression toward the mean

Question 18

In a within-subjects design,the term "participant attrition" refers to the possibility that ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of outside events
B)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because of changes in the?measuring instrument
C)  the scores may differ from one treatment to another because the participants gain?experience in each treatment
D)  ​some of the individuals in the study may leave without completing all of the treatmentConditions

Question 19

Which best describes counterbalancing?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​matching the treatment conditions with respect to time
B)  ​holding the order of the treatment conditions constant
C)  randomizing the order of the treatment conditions
D)  ​switching treatment conditions at random

Question 20

The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 9: Experimental Designs Within Subjects Design.

For a within-subjects experiment,one advantage of a two-treatment design compared to a multiple-treatment design is that it is easier to counterbalance.

In comparison to a multiple-treatment design,a two-treatment,within subjects design has ____.

A Latin square design is used to determine the order of treatments that will be used in a within-subjects experiment comparing five treatments labeled A,B,C,D,and E.How many groups of participants will receive treatment E as the first treatment?

Describe a matched-subjects design and explain how this design attempts to avoid the major problems that exist with a between-subject design and a within-subjects design.

What is a time-related threat to internal validity for a within-subjects experiment?

Describe the limitations or problems that can occur with counterbalancing.

When one treatment condition has a lasting effect on individuals and influences their scores in future treatments,the study is confounded by ____.

If one or more of the treatments in an experiment is expected to have a large and long-lasting effect that could influence the participants' scores in later treatments,the best strategy is to use a between-subjects design.

Which manipulation of the time period between treatment conditions reduces the chances of history influencing the results of a within-subjects experiment?

During the first treatment condition of a within-subjects experiment,the participants learn a new skill that helps improve their performance in later treatment conditions.For this study,the internal validity is threatened by ____.

Order effects can become a confounding variable because ____.

If the measurement device changes during the course of a within-subjects study so that the participants' scores are influenced,internal validity is threatened by statistical regression.

One disadvantage of within-subject designs is that they tend to require more participants than are needed for between-subject designs.

Identify two time-related factors that can threaten the internal validity of a within-subjects research study.In each case,explain how the factor could be a confounding variable.

The effect of counterbalancing is to eliminate order effects.

In a within-subjects design,the term "participant attrition" refers to the possibility that ____.

Which best describes counterbalancing?

The tendency for extremely high scores on one measurement to be followed by lower scores on a second measurement is called statistical regression.