Damisch, Stroberock, and Mussweiller (2010) Conducted a Series of Experiments

Multiple Choice

Damisch, Stroberock, and Mussweiller (2010) conducted a series of experiments on whether having a lucky charm could improve performance. Half of the college student participants had a lucky charm available during performance of experimental tasks, such as remembering pairs of cards, while the other half did not. Which statement BEST describes the study findings?

A) The students with the lucky charm performed no better than at chance levels, as would be expected if superstitions are irrational and ineffective.
B) The students with the lucky charm performed worse than students who did not have a lucky charm available because they were overconfident.
C) The students with the lucky charm performed significantly better than students who did not have a lucky charm available.
D) Those students in both groups who believed in lucky charms performed better than those who did not.