While Testing the Chemiosmotic Theory, Researchers Prepared "Inside-Out" Vesicles from Bacterial

Essay

While testing the chemiosmotic theory, researchers prepared "inside-out" vesicles from bacterial cells, mitochondrial internal membranes, and chloroplast thylakoids. In an inside-out vesicle, the F₁ subunit of the proton-ATPase faces outward. Using the figure below, briefly discuss how the use of inside-out vesicles helped to study the relative contributions of the proton gradient (∆pH) and the membrane potential ( $\Delta \Psi$ ) to∆ p.