Questions Refer to the Passage Below

Multiple Choice

Questions refer to the passage below.
[O]ne of the ways of their government is the building of their sovereignty upon three things: the people's persons, their honor, and their possessions; and whomsoever they wish to kill or exile or violate his honor or devour his wealth they do so in pursuit of their lusts, without any right in the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their imposing on the people monies not laid down by the Shari'a. One of the ways of their government is their intentionally eating whatever food they wish, whether it is religiously permitted or forbidden, and wearing whatever clothes they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and drinking what beverages they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and riding whatever riding beasts they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and taking what women they wish without marriage contract, and living in decorated palaces, whether religiously permitted or forbidden, and spreading soft carpets as they wish, whether religiously permitted or forbidden.
Usman dan Fodio, critique of the Hausa state, 1806
-What is the historical situation in which the author was writing?

A) A period of Islamic revitalization caused partly by the flow of religious ideas from outside the region
B) A period in which new ideas of nationalism led people to rebel against multinational states
C) The creation of new classes of people caused by the spread of the Industrial Revolution
D) The desire to restore the previous ruling family to the throne