Five-Year-Old Esperanza Knows That She Is Not Supposed to Take

Multiple Choice

Five-year-old Esperanza knows that she is not supposed to take anything off the kitchen counter unless her mother gives her permission, but she can't resist the fresh cookies while her mother is out of the room. When mother returns to the kitchen, she looks at the cookies, looks at Esperanza, and asks if Esperanza took a cookie. Aware that her mother will not be happy if she says yes, Esperanza says no, she didn't take a cookie. Esperanza's ability to understand that her mother thinks about things differently than she does is called the theory of

A) proximal development.
B) Vygotsky.
C) egocentrism.
D) mind.
E) reciprocal altruism.