When You Try to Remember Your 10^th Birthday Party, You

Multiple Choice

When you try to remember your 10^th birthday party, you always picture a younger version of yourself sitting around a cake with friends. However, you've recently come across some old photos of that day which reminded you that (because of a last minute change with the day the party took place) there actually was no cake that year. You remember that one of your friends has frequently told a story about that day, which involved the (in actuality, non-existent) birthday cake. They were clearly mistaken themselves, though how could this have also affected your own memory?

A) hindsight reasoning
B) encoding specificity
C) encoding failure
D) misinformation effect
E) phonological encoding