Suppose You Are a Sports Psychologist Who Notices That Athletes

Multiple Choice

Suppose you are a sports psychologist who notices that athletes who perform poorly frequently report low levels of motivation. While it may be the case that low, motivation contributes to poor performance, it may also be the case that poor performance contributes to low motivation. What problem does this illustrate?

A) choosing an irrelevant dependent variable
B) measurement bias
C) indirect causation
D) third variable problem
E) bidirectionality problem