How Does the Urinary System Contribute to Osteoporosis

Multiple Choice

How does the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis?

A) Excessive smoking lowers estrogen levels, which increases bone loss.
B) Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease.
C) Immune cells resist infections and release chemicals that promote tissue repair.
D) Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted.
E) Lack of exposure to sunlight reduces vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption.