A Father with Heavy Exposure to Alcohol and Drugs Is

Multiple Choice

A father with heavy exposure to alcohol and drugs is more likely to have a baby born with low birth weight or physical defects, even if the expectant mother did not drink alcohol or use drugs during the pregnancy.Why?

A) Certain substances bind directly to live sperm and cause mutations to the sperm.
B) There is no known reason.
C) Genetic risk for addiction in fathers is associated with higher prenatal risk.
D) Drug use and abuse with a stable partner causes damaging changes to the woman's reproductive tract that are passed to the infant.