What Causes Vesicoureteral Reflux to Occur in Children

Multiple Choice

What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children?

A) Children do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner, and urine is forced up into the ureters.
B) The submucosal segment of a child's ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient.
C) The trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped in children.
D) As the bladder fills in infants and children, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters, making the reflux valves ineffective.