In the Analysis of Available Data, a Deductive Approach Is

Multiple Choice

In the analysis of available data, a deductive approach is often impossible to use because:

A) there typically are no theories or hypotheses to be tested.
B) the unit of analysis used is the individual.
C) the data necessary to measure the variables derived from a theory were not included when the original data were collected.
D) theory verification is only possible when data are collected explicitly to test that theory.