Which of the Following Processes Is Driven by the Free

Multiple Choice

Which of the following processes is driven by the free energy released as electrons move through photosystem II and I in the thylakoid membranes?

A) excitement of electrons in the reaction center of photosystem I
B) establishment of a proton gradient
C) synthesis of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation
D) phosphorylation of NAD+ to NADPH