Specific Deterrence Suggests That Criminal Sanctions Should Be So Powerful

Multiple Choice

Specific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Which statement about harsh (powerful) sanctions and deterrence is not true?​

A) ​Harsh sanctions work as an effective deterrence to recidivism.
B) ​Harsh sanctions may result in defiance rather than deterrence.
C) ​Experiencing harsh sanctions may cause severe psychological problems.
D) ​The stigma of harsh sanctions labels and locks people into criminal careers.