Subjects Exposed to Inescapable Shock in the Exposure Phase of a Learned

Multiple Choice

Subjects exposed to inescapable shock in the exposure phase of a learned helplessness experiment typically show slowed escape learning during a later conditioning phase.However, if during the conditioning phase their escape responses are marked by an external stimulus, they show little disruption of their escape learning.This suggests that

A) animals can perceive the contingency between their behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer.
B) animals learn to be inactive in response to inescapable shock during the exposure phase.
C) animals pay less attention to their actions due to inescapable shock.
D) animals perseverate in their responses following inescapable shock.