Upon Examining the Contents of 38 Backpacks, It Was Found

Multiple Choice

Upon examining the contents of 38 backpacks, it was found that 23 contained a black pen, 27
Contained a blue pen, and 21 contained a pencil, 15 contained both a black pen and a blue pen, 12
Contained both a black pen and a pencil, 18 contained both a blue pen and a pencil, and 10 contained
All three items. How many backpacks contained none of the three writing instruments?

A) 2
B) 15
C) 11
D) 3