What Caused the Chinese to Be Closed to the Idea

Multiple Choice

What caused the Chinese to be closed to the idea of Westerners?

A) The Jesuit missionaries had not worked so hard at converting the peasants.
B) The Portuguese had offended Chinese sensibilities so much that they were temporarily expelled from the country.
C) The Portuguese and the Dutch had not jockeyed for a favorable trade position when they arrived in China.
D) Missionaries had inadvertently brought several deadly diseases with them.
E) They had not tried to force Western scientific ideas on the Chinese.