Clarence Is a Fifth-Grade Student with a Learning Disability

Multiple Choice

Clarence is a fifth-grade student with a learning disability. He and his classmates recently took a standardized reading achievement test. Clarence's percentile rank for that test was 20. The norm group for this test did not include any students with learning disabilities. What inference can be made on the basis of Clarence's test scores?

A) Clarence is performing below grade level and therefore he should repeat the fifth grade.
B) Clarence's scores cannot be meaningfully interpreted, given the standards for evaluation.
C) Clarence's teacher has been unsuccessful in teaching him basic fifth-grade reading skills.
D) Clarence's school is failing to meet his special learning needs.