In a California Trial, a Judge Remarked That Ignorance and Stupidity

Multiple Choice

In a California trial, a judge remarked that ignorance and stupidity are two competing explanations for poor test performance. According to the stupidity explanation, poor test performance

A) is caused by unstimulating environments.
B) represents a deficiency that cannot easily be changed.
C) is caused by culturally biased test items.
D) is caused by a lack of education.