Many Birds, Such as Seagulls (Which Rarely Drink Fresh Water)

Multiple Choice

Many birds, such as seagulls (which rarely drink fresh water) , deal with the osmotic stress of taking in large quantities of salt in their food mainly by ____.

A) active transport of ions into the body through their feet
B) excreting nitrogenous wastes through their kidneys as urea
C) active transport of ions out of the body by chloride cells
D) excreting excess salt through the actions of specialized salt glands in their heads
E) maintaining high levels of urea and trimethylamine oxide in body fluids