Which of the Following Was the Most Common Reason the City-States

Multiple Choice

Which of the following was the most common reason the city-states of northern Italy used to justify their resistance to papal interference?

A) Their primary loyalty was to the Holy Roman Emperor.
B) The Papacy had lost its legitimacy because if its move to Avignon and the Great Schism.
C) Christ denied all political jurisdiction to the clergy.
D) The pope condemned many essential business practices, such as charging interest on loans, as un-Christian.
E) They still recognized the authority of emperor in Constantinople.