The Formulas for Some Measures of Association Can Result in Coefficients

Multiple Choice

The formulas for some measures of association can result in coefficients with either positive or negative signs. Under which of the following circumstances can those signs be meaningfully interpreted?

A) Whenever the data are expressed as frequencies
B) When the data are measured at the nominal level
C) When the data are measured at the ordinal level
D) Whenever the data have a modal category
E) Whenever the data are expressed as percentages