In the Exemplar Study About Pain Relief During Intravenous Cannula

Multiple Choice

In the exemplar study about pain relief during intravenous cannula insertion in children (Canbulat, 2015) , what confounding variable could have been at work?

A) The Buzzy device could have acted as attention and thereby influenced anxiety and pain perceptions.
B) The IV cannula insertion may have been more difficult in some children.
C) The data collector could have increased the children's anxiety levels.
D) The parents' presence could have affected the children's scoring of pain and anxiety.