Question 1

The leading direct cause of maternal death is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Poor nutrition 
B)  Malaria 
C)  Hemorrhage 
D)  Gestational diabetes C

Question 2

Which of the following statements about Xpert is false?

Accepted Answer

A) Xpert has the possibility of substituting for all other forms of diagnostics for drug resistant TB 
B)  Xpert can provide a diagnostic test for TB that is more sensitive and specific than sputum smear microscopy 
C)  Xpert can diagnose both drug susceptible TB and TB that is resistant to rifampicin 
D)  Xpert does not avoid the need for culturing some sputum smears A

Question 3

Pull mechanisms to encourage drug and vaccine development could include:

Accepted Answer

A)  Prizes for successful development of the desired product 
B)  Patent extensions on other products of the firm that develops the desired product 
C)  Tax Credits 
D)  Both prizes for successful development of the desired product and patent extensions on other products of the firm that develops the desired product. D

Question 4

Telemedicine-based medical consultations can be most useful for enhancing the quality of care in:

Accepted Answer

A)  Settings where there is a lack of medical specialists 
B)  Settings where the physicians on the ground are well trained 
C)  Settings where people don't have the time to go to a physician 
D)  All of these are correct

Question 5

Another constraint to vaccine development to meet the needs of diseases that affect low-income countries is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Little interest in vaccines in low- and middle-income countries 
B)  The high cost of development of vaccine and the relatively low rate of return on investment compared to drugs 
C)  Limited cost-effectiveness of vaccines 
D)  Liability issues

Question 6

Which of the following is true:

Accepted Answer

A)  The overwhelming majority of drug development is not meant to address the infectious and parasitic diseases that affect low-income countries 
B)  About 50% of all drug investments are meant to address the infectious and parasitic diseases that affect low-income countries 
C)  About 25% of all drug investments are meant to address the infectious and parasitic diseases that affect low-income countries 
D)  In the last decade, almost 75% of all drugs investments by China and India have been oriented toward the "diseases of the poor"

Question 7

An ideal drug for use in low-income settings would:

Accepted Answer

A)  Have a long shelf life, be heat resistant 
B)  Be inexpensive, require few doses 
C)  Be very cost-effective 
D)  All of these are correct

Question 8

One great value of the pentavalent vaccine is that it:

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduces the number of contacts needed to fully immunize a child 
B)  Is noninvasive 
C)  Costs less than the older generation of vaccines 
D)  None of these are correct

Question 9

Tired pricing is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Selling the same drug at the same prices in most countries 
B)  Selling the same drug at different prices to different countries, depending mostly on the income level of the country buying the drug 
C) Selling the drug at the same price in all high-income countries 
D)  None of these are correct

Question 10

The existing TB vaccine, BCG:

Accepted Answer

A)  Is highly effective in children and adults 
B)  Is highly effective in adults 
C)  Can help reduce the number of cases of disseminated TB in children 
D)  Would be cost-effective in a high-income setting

Question 11

What are the most important reasons below to develop a vaccine against hookworm?

Accepted Answer

A)  To keep ahead of resistance and reduce the need for regular mass drug administration 
B)  People like vaccines more than they like drugs 
C)  Vaccines are easier to administer than drugs 
D)  Vaccines are more-cost-effective than drugs

Question 12

The "ultimate" goal of a PDP is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  Create a partnership 
B)  Use the tools of both the public and private sector 
C)  Put together venture capital for drug discovery 
D)  Develop a safe and effective, diagnostic, drug, or vaccine

Question 13

Private sector firms have:

Accepted Answer

A)  Many incentives to produce medical products to meet the health needs of poor people in poor countries 
B)  Many incentives to produce vaccines to meet the health needs of children in low-income countries 
C)  Many disincentives to produce diagnostics, drugs, and vaccines to meet the health needs of the poor in low-income countries 
D)  Good incentives to produce drugs to address parasitic and infectious diseases that affect low-income countries

Question 14

Push mechanisms to encourage drug and vaccine development could include:

Accepted Answer

A)  Government financing of R and D 
B)  Tax credits for R and D 
C)  Prizes for developing a new product 
D)  Government financing of R and D and tax credits for R and D

Question 15

Mobile technologies are used to:

Accepted Answer

A)  Provide reminders of the need to take a drug 
B)  Provide health education messages 
C)  Monitor drug compliance 
D)  All of these are correct

Question 16

What is the most important reason below for developing additional malaria drugs that are safe and effective:

Accepted Answer

A)  To give providers choice 
B)  To make a vaccine unnecessary 
C)  To make a. more cost-effective drug 
D)  To keep ahead of the growth of resistance to anti-malarias

Question 17

Some of the impediments to the private sector development of drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines to meet the needs of low-income people in low-income countries include:

Accepted Answer

A)  Insufficient investment capital 
B)  Their perception that there is "no market" for such products and that they could not recover their costs from low-income countries and their people 
C)  The potentially higher returns from other investments 
D)  Both their perception that there is "no market" for such products and that they could not recover their costs from low-income countries and their people and the potentially higher returns from other investments

Question 18

Which is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most efforts at using mHealth have been well evaluated 
B)  Most efforts at using mHealth have not been well evaluated 
C)  The cost-effectiveness of most mHealth ventures has been clearly established 
D)  To date, mHealth investments have proven to be not very cost-effective

Question 19

The most "ideal" vaccine for TB would:

Accepted Answer

A)  Prevent drug susceptible TB 
B)  Prevent all forms of active TB disease 
C)  Prevent any form of TB infection - latent or active 
D)  Be heat tolerant

Question 20

An ideal diagnostic for us in a low-income country would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  Sensitive, specific 
B)  Cost-effective 
C)  Based on finger prick 
D)  Sensitive, specific and cost-effective

Exam 18: Science, Technology, and Global Health