Caro (1986) Presented Several Hypotheses for Stotting Behavior in the Thomson's

Essay

Caro (1986) presented several hypotheses for stotting behavior in the Thomson's gazelle:
(A) Alarm signal hypothesis: Gazelles stot to communicate predation risk to conspecifics.
(B) Confusion effect hypothesis: If several gazelles stot simultaneously in a group while fleeing, then the predator may become confused.
(C) Social cohesion hypothesis: Gazelles stot to attract conspecifics to join them.
(d) Attack deterrence hypothesis: Gazelles stot to signal their vigor to potential predators.
Choose one of the above hypotheses, and design an observational study to test this hypothesis against the others. What findings would support this hypothesis over the others? What findings would lead you to reject this hypothesis?