Question 1

Compare and contrast the two types of global health indicators and give at least one example for each.

Accepted Answer

Direct and indirect or proximal and distal health indicators both measure health phenomena. Direct measures can be things like diseases or deaths-for example, cause-specific mortality rates like vaccination coverage. Indirect measures would be poverty indicators and social development-for example, primary school enrollment and population living in poverty.

Question 2

New HIV infections among newborns has declined by 50% since 2010 because fewer women with HIV are becoming pregnant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

The Blum model points to four key determinants of health. Discuss their implications for health care delivery.

Accepted Answer

The Blum model identifies four key determinants of health: human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare organization. Each of these determinants has significant implications for health care delivery.

Human biology refers to genetic and physiological factors that influence an individual's health. Health care delivery must take into account the unique genetic makeup and biological characteristics of each patient in order to provide personalized and effective care. This may involve genetic testing, personalized medicine, and tailored treatment plans based on individual biological factors.

The environment plays a crucial role in shaping health outcomes. Access to clean air, water, and safe living conditions are essential for maintaining good health. Health care delivery should address environmental factors that impact health, such as pollution, housing conditions, and access to healthy food. Additionally, healthcare providers should consider the social determinants of health, such as socioeconomic status and access to education, when delivering care.

Lifestyle choices, such as diet, exercise, and substance use, have a significant impact on health. Health care delivery should include education and support for healthy lifestyle choices, as well as interventions to address unhealthy behaviors. This may involve preventive care, health education programs, and support for behavior change.

Finally, healthcare organization refers to the structure and delivery of healthcare services. The Blum model emphasizes the importance of a well-organized and accessible healthcare system that provides comprehensive, coordinated, and patient-centered care. This includes ensuring access to primary care, specialty services, and preventive care, as well as addressing barriers to healthcare access, such as cost and transportation.

In conclusion, the Blum model's four key determinants of health have important implications for health care delivery. By addressing human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare organization, healthcare providers can work towards improving health outcomes and promoting overall well-being for individuals and communities.

Question 4

What are the major differences between Healthy People 2020 and the previous Healthy People initiatives?

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Discuss the definitions of health presented in this chapter in terms of their implications for the health care delivery system.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Discuss the main cultural beliefs and values in American society that have influenced health care delivery, including how they have shaped the health care delivery system.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Describe how health care is rationed in the market justice and social justice systems.

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Question 8

What are the main objectives of public health?

Accepted Answer

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Question 9

Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunization and prenatal care 
B)  Foot care for a patient newly diagnosed with diabetes 
C)  Mammogram for a patient who has a family history of breast cancer 
D)  Smoking cessation and handwashing

Question 10

Discuss the significance of an individual's quality of life from the health care delivery perspective.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Health promotion and disease prevention may require both behavioral modification and therapeutic intervention. Discuss.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Using the data given in the table:
a. Compute crude birth rates for 2005 and 2010.
b. Compute crude death rates for 2005 and 2010.
c. Compute cancer mortality rates for 2005 and 2010.
d. Answer the following questions:
i. Did the infant death rates improve between 2005 and 2010?
ii. Which conclusions can you draw about the demographic change in this population?
iii. Have efforts to prevent death from heart disease been successful in this population?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using the data given in the table:
a....

Question 13

Briefly describe the concepts of market justice and social justice. In which ways do the two principles complement each other, and in which ways are they in conflict in the U.S. system of health care delivery?

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

What is the role of health risk appraisal in health promotion and disease prevention?

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

How can health care administrators and policymakers use the various measures of health status and service utilization? Please use examples to illustrate your answer.

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

The safety of neighborhoods can be considered an environmental factor contributing to health status.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

What has been the main cause of the dichotomy between the way physical and mental health issues have traditionally been addressed by the health care delivery system?

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

To what extent do you think the objectives set forth in Healthy People initiatives can achieve the vision of an integrated approach to health care delivery in the United States?

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Which "preparedness"-related measures have been taken to cope with potential natural and human-made disasters since the tragic events of 9/11? Assess their effectiveness.

Accepted Answer

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Exam 23: Beliefs, Values, and Health