In the Thirteenth Century, Papal Attempts to Bring All of Christian

Essay

In the thirteenth century, papal attempts to bring all of Christian Europe under the guidance of the pope suffered severe challenges. Describe the ways in which several thirteenth-century popes attempted to assert and define their power. How did these attempts conflict with the goals of the German emperor Frederick II and the French king Philip the Fair? By the end of the century, how had these struggles affected the positions of the pope, the German emperor, and the French king?