Which of the Following Constitutes Ratio

Multiple Choice

Which of the following constitutes ratio?

A) Jones, LJ, dissenting in A v B, makes a statement as to the law on breach of contract that is relevant to the material facts.
B) Lord Witt, delivering the leading opinion in C v D, demonstrating how a legal principle can be applied to various fact scenarios, were they to arise in the future.
C) Cuzner, LJ 's statement in E v F as to what he would have liked to decide, had he not been bound by the previous Supreme Court decision in G v H.
D) Lord Power's statement as to what he was obliged to decide on the material facts because he was bound by the previous Supreme Court decision in I v J.