Question 1

Influences on policy and practice offered by labeling theory include:

Accepted Answer

A)  indeterminate sentences. 
B)  determinate sentences. 
C)  probation. 
D)  parole. 
E)  decriminalization of victimless crimes. E

Question 2

The naturalist approach embraced by labeling theorists is a challenge to earlier positivist approaches in criminology.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

Cooley borrowed his notions of the "I" and "me" from psychiatrist Sigmund Freud.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

What is master status, and how does it apply to the labeling process?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is master status, and how does...

Question 5

Describe the relationship between symbolic interactionism and labeling theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the relationship between symbolic interactionism and...

Question 6

Labeling theories became popular during the 1950s, a time of conformity and peace.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following was a key influence on labeling theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cooley's notion of a "looking-glass self" 
B)  Evolutionary theory 
C)  Blumer's work on symbolic interactionism 
D)  Mead's social behaviorism 
E)  All of the above

Question 8

Master status refers to a defining characteristic or trait that causes people to jump to conclusions about an individual.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Net widening refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the tendency of society to criminally label people who commit victimless crimes. 
B)  the notion that we could drive the crime rate down if we identified and imprisoned chronic offenders. 
C)  the introduction of more people into the criminal justice system through the use of diversion programs. 
D)  all of the above. 
E)  none of the above.

Question 10

What is the dramatization of evil? What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the dramatization of evil? What...

Question 11

Which criminological theory does the following statement refer to? "The causes of deviant careers are to be located in the reaction of society to the initial act of deviance."

Accepted Answer

A)  Control theory 
B)  Social disorganization theory 
C)  Strain theory 
D)  Rational theory 
E)  Labeling theory

Question 12

Labeling theories are best viewed as one aspect of a larger explanation of criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which of the following is false with regard to research conducted on labeling theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Drug use is a way to fit into a group and is not a way of asserting one's individuality. 
B)  Although negative labels can alienate people from society, they can also open up opportunities for subcultural participation. 
C)  Physiological effects of drug use are mediated by individual perception, social expectations, and norms. 
D)  Recent research has suggested that labels are associated with structural disadvantage. 
E)  It has traditionally been qualitative rather than quantitative.

Question 14

Primary deviance refers to the initial act of deviance and is initiated by negative reactions from others in society.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The dramatization of evil refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the drama that is created in an offender's family when they commit crime. 
B)  the evil that results from an offender's criminal activity. 
C)  the tendency of society to overreact to minor forms of crime, thereby exacerbating the crime problem. 
D)  the tendency of offenders to view their lives as overly dramatic. 
E)  the notion that positive reactions to criminal behavior can create evil people.

Question 16

Labeling theories struggle to explain:

Accepted Answer

A)  why people keep committing crime. 
B)  how reactions from society serve to perpetuate criminal behavior. 
C)  how the dynamics of the criminal justice system and the political process contribute to the crime problem. 
D)  the origins of criminal behavior. 
E)  chronic offending.

Question 17

What are the differences between the approach used by labeling theorists and approaches used by other social process theorists?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the differences between the approach...

Question 18

Labeling theorists are primarily interested in explaining individual criminality and tend to ignore dynamics around the emergence of criminal law.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

According to labeling theorists, there are clear differences between criminals and noncriminals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

According to labeling theorists:

Accepted Answer

A)  human beings are unconstrained rational actors that freely make choices. 
B)  the naturalist approach is most appropriate to studying criminal behavior. 
C)  laws and norms are the result of a societal consensus about what is right and wrong. 
D)  society plays a minor role in perpetuating criminal behavior. 
E)  free will is irrelevant because behavior is determined completely by labels.

Exam 8: Labeling Theories

Influences on policy and practice offered by labeling theory include:

The naturalist approach embraced by labeling theorists is a challenge to earlier positivist approaches in criminology.

Cooley borrowed his notions of the "I" and "me" from psychiatrist Sigmund Freud.

What is master status, and how does it apply to the labeling process?

Describe the relationship between symbolic interactionism and labeling theory.

Labeling theories became popular during the 1950s, a time of conformity and peace.

Which of the following was a key influence on labeling theory?

Master status refers to a defining characteristic or trait that causes people to jump to conclusions about an individual.

Net widening refers to:

What is the dramatization of evil? What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance?

Which criminological theory does the following statement refer to? "The causes of deviant careers are to be located in the reaction of society to the initial act of deviance."

Labeling theories are best viewed as one aspect of a larger explanation of criminal behavior.

Which of the following is false with regard to research conducted on labeling theory?

Primary deviance refers to the initial act of deviance and is initiated by negative reactions from others in society.

The dramatization of evil refers to:

Labeling theories struggle to explain:

What are the differences between the approach used by labeling theorists and approaches used by other social process theorists?

Labeling theorists are primarily interested in explaining individual criminality and tend to ignore dynamics around the emergence of criminal law.

According to labeling theorists, there are clear differences between criminals and noncriminals.

According to labeling theorists: