Paul Is 38 and Has Been a Heroin Junkie Since

Multiple Choice

Paul is 38 and has been a heroin junkie since the age of 17. To support his habit, he commits minor burglaries and robberies; he has been caught and convicted five times. Paul wants to quit using drugs and committing crime, but he has been unable to find a good job because of his previous convictions. He has also had difficulty forming healthy relationships because of his lifestyle. According to Moffitt's developmental taxonomy, what could be said of Paul?

A) He is a life course persistent offender.
B) He is an adolescent limited offender.
C) Paul is experiencing the phenomenon of "cumulative continuity."
D) Both a and c
E) Both b and c