All of the Following Are Indications of New Intellectual Trends

Multiple Choice

All of the following are indications of new intellectual trends from the eleventh century through the fourteenth century, EXCEPT:

A) Leadership of the Church was increasingly taken on by councils of bishops.
B) Abandonment of the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle in favor of a literal interpretation of scripture.
C) Challenges to Church dogma such as those by John Wycliffe and John Huss.
D) Increasing literary expression in the vernacular (language of the people, such as Italian or French) instead of Latin.