Despite Border Tightening, Migration from North Africa into Spain Has

Multiple Choice

Despite border tightening, migration from North Africa into Spain has increased because initially, ______.

A) smuggling evolved from a small-scale operation to a largely professionalized and profitable one
B) circular routes were cut off, prompting many to remain in Spain, while others attempted illegal entry
C) new visa rules encouraged migrants to stay for a few months or years, and only as skilled and unskilled labor
D) North Africans included not only Moroccans, but also Algerians, Libyans, and Tunisians, who have been joined by West Africans and Syrians