Which of the Following Factors Has Not Been Cited in Support

Multiple Choice

Which of the following factors has not been cited in support of the argument that urban political corruption declined in the course of the 20ᵗʰ century?

A) Civil service reforms (which reduced patronage)
B) The welfare state's displacement of urban machines
C) The increasing power of white ethnics
D) The increasing importance of television advertising (reducing the role of party organization)