Question 1

This theory says learning occurs by watching others.

Accepted Answer

A)   operant conditioning
B)   insight learning
C)   Observational learning
D)   All of these options C

Question 2

A baby is bitten by a dog and then is afraid of all small animals. This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulus discrimination
B)   extinction
C)   reinforcement
D)   stimulus generalization D

Question 3

According to Skinner's principles of instrumental conditioning, reinforcement and punishment must come immediately _____the response.

Accepted Answer

A)   after
B)   before
C)   at the same time as
D)   before, during, or after A

Question 4

This is a cue that signals when a specific response will lead to an expected reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   A successive approximation
B)   A discriminative stimulus
C)   A generalized stimulus
D)   An operant stimulus

Question 5

Reinforcement and punishment are defined in terms of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   intrinsic and extrinsic motives
B)   whether they cause pleasure and pain
C)   adaptive significance
D)   whether they increase or decrease responses that follow behaviors

Question 6

An event that decreases the likelihood that a response will be repeated is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   discrimination
B)   punishment
C)   reinforcement
D)   discriminative stimulus

Question 7

A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   training
B)   knowledge
C)   intuition
D)   learning

Question 8

_____ can occur after extinction in classical or operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)   Reinforcement
B)   Spontaneous recovery
C)   Burnout
D)   Passive aggressiveness

Question 9

One reason that spousal, child, and elder abuse seem to escalate is that aggression is used as a punishment that is often _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   ignored by the abused
B)   reinforcing to the abuser
C)   the most effective way to keep the relationship from breaking up
D)   reinforcing to the abused

Question 10

Research showing that animals classically conditioned to salivate to a tone that is always paired with food make a stronger conditioned response than animals conditioned to salivate to a tone that is sometimes paired with food. This is evidence that which factor is most important in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   The time between the CS and US
B)   The similarity between the CS and US
C)   The extent to which the CS predicts the US
D)   All of the above

Question 11

Define biological preparedness and describe how it is related to classical and operant conditioning, providing an example from your own life.
, Biology of Learning

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define biological preparedness and describe how it...

Question 12

The sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solution is called a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   idea
B)   inspiration
C)   insight
D)   cognitive awakening

Question 13

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pavlov: operant conditioning
B)   Thorndike: classical conditioning
C)   Skinner: reinforcement
D)   All of these options are correctly matched

Question 14

Which of the following match?

Accepted Answer

A)   Kohler: latent learning
B)   Kohler: insight learning
C)   Tolman: insight learning
D)   Bandura: latent learning

Question 15

Wartime propaganda often depicts the enemy as ugly, cruel, and somewhat less than human. This type of propaganda creates _____ toward the enemy.

Accepted Answer

A)   an unfavorable classically conditioned emotional response
B)   an unfavorable learned response through imitation
C)   a punished response
D)   a reinforced response

Question 16

Ursula's mother spanks Ursula for hitting her younger brother. According to observational learning principles, the mother is _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   extinguishing a response by applying an unpleasant consequence
B)   acting as a model for aggressive behavior
C)   using negative reinforcement
D)   conditioning the younger brother vicariously

Question 17

Slot machines use a variable ratio because _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   the gambler won't be able to tell when the next payoff is going to occur
B)   it increases the gambler's resistance to quitting
C)   the gambler will fear that the next player will hit the jackpot if he quits now
D)   all of these options

Question 18

Imagine that you are a behavioral psychologist who wants to help a father increase his daughter's compliance in mowing the backyard without being reminded. Develop a plan that will include both positive and negative reinforcement, and positive and negative punishment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Imagine that you are a behavioral psychologist...

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life?

Accepted Answer

A)   Treating alcoholism with a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed
B)   The use of seductive women to sell cars to men
C)   Politicians learning to associate themselves with home, family, babies, and the American flag
D)   All of these options

Question 20

When reinforcement follows a predetermined number of responses, it is a _____ schedule of reinforcement, compared to a _____ schedule in which reinforcement follows the first response after a predetermined period of time has elapsed.

Accepted Answer

A)   Fixed ratio; fixed interval
B)   Variable ratio; fixed interval
C)   Fixed interval; fixed ratio
D)   Partial; continuous

Exam 6: Learning