The Following Hypothetical Studies Are Designed to Test the Relationship

Multiple Choice

The following hypothetical studies are designed to test the relationship between anger (versus happiness) and self-control. Which could be considered a quasi-experimental study?

A) The researchers are stationed outside of a football stadium after a big game. They ask fans of both the winning and losing teams, who are expected to be feeling increased joy and anger, respectively, to choose between a healthy snack and potato chips.
B) Participants come to the lab and are randomly assigned to the Angry or Happy condition. The Angry condition participants are instructed to clench their fists and jaws while they complete a Go-No Go task, which measures inhibitory control. The Happy participants are instructed to bounce playfully in their seats during the Go-No Go task.
C) Participants come to the lab and are asked to recall either happy or angry memories, depending on which condition they were assigned to. Afterwards they are asked to choose between a healthy snack and potato chips.
D) For two weeks participants carry special smartphones that beep at random intervals throughout the day, prompting them to answer a few questions about their current emotions and the activities they are currently engaged in. The researchers are particularly interested in the emotions accompanying activities associated with low self-control, like binge-watching TV, drinking, and eating junk food