Essay
Even though we cannot achieve random assignment to various demographic categories (e.g., we cannot randomly assign some participants to be male and some to be female), is there ever a situation where we would be able to make causal inferences about a demographic characteristic (e.g., sex, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, political orientation)? Why or why not? What would that situation be? What if you collected qualitative data, wherein many respondents spontaneously reported that they held a certain attitude because they were male [female] - could we conclude there is a causal relationship in that example?
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