Vera Was Conducting a Semi-Structured Interview That Included the Question

Multiple Choice

Vera was conducting a semi-structured interview that included the question, "have you ever voted in a state election?" While most respondents said yes or no without incident, several respondents appeared to get a severe look of frustration on their face. When asked about their reaction, they mentioned that they had been the target of several deceptive political campaigns to misdirect voters to improper precincts, or keep voters from voting all together. This type of differential response to a question is also known as:

A) question constraint effects
B) response bias
C) self-stimulation effects
D) social desirability effects