Paul Volunteers for a Study on Attitudes About Dating

Multiple Choice

Paul volunteers for a study on attitudes about dating. When he arrives at the laboratory, he notices a book on the researcher's desk called Nonverbal Communication in Dating Couples. Paul concludes that the study is about nonverbal communication, and in his answers to questions he tries to be helpful by emphasizing his skills in this area. The way Paul responded to the questions is an example of a threat to validity called

A) reactivity.
B) expectancy effects.
C) demand characteristics.
D) nonrandom assignment.