Sixty-Four Pregnant Women Ranked the Severity of Their Heartburn During

Multiple Choice

Sixty-four pregnant women ranked the severity of their heartburn during pregnancy. Researchers rated newborn hair volume using photographs of the newborn's head. They found an association between heartburn severity during pregnancy and the amount of hair on newborns. What can we reasonably conclude from this study?

A) Eating food that causes heartburn during pregnancy leads to newborns who are hairier.
B) Newborn hair causes heartburn in pregnant women.
C) Pregnancy is confounded with heartburn in deciding the cause of newborn hair amount.
D) A lurking variable may influence both the severity of heartburn in pregnant women and the amount of hair on newborns; association does not imply causation.