A Study in Sweden Looked at Former Elite Soccer Players;

Multiple Choice

A study in Sweden looked at former elite soccer players; people who had played soccer, but not at the elite level; and people of the same age who did not play soccer. Here is a two-way table that classifies these subjects based on whether they had arthritis of the hip or knee by their mid-fifties:
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$$\begin{array} { | l | l | l | l | } \hline & \text { Elite } & \text { Non-elite } & \text { Did not play } \\\hline \text { Arthritis } & 10 & 9 & 24 \\\hline \text { No arthritis } & 61 & 206 & 548 \\\hline\end{array}$$ Based on this study, what can you conclude about playing elite soccer?

A) Playing elite soccer protects men from developing arthritis of the hip or knee later in life.
B) Playing elite soccer may protect men from developing arthritis of the hip or knee later in life.
C) Playing elite soccer may cause arthritis of the hip or knee later in life.
D) Playing elite soccer will cause arthritis of the hip or knee later in life.