In Social Work Research It May Be Difficult to Study

Multiple Choice

In social work research it may be difficult to study causal relationships. Codes of ethics and professional values tend to make it difficult to withhold treatments, which in-turn makes it difficult to form control groups in research. Which item is not a condition that must be met for claiming a causal relationship?

A) Independent variable precedes the dependent variable in time
B) Measures are reliable
C) Statistical association between the independent and dependent variable
D) Statistical association is due to the independent variable and not an extraneous variable(s)