Eric Is Trying to Teach a Pigeon to Peck at a Lighted

Multiple Choice

Eric is trying to teach a pigeon to peck at a lighted pad in order to avoid receiving a shock while in a operant learning chamber, but is finding that the pigeon is having a difficult time learning this association. This problem is expected, according to which theory of avoidance learning?

A) cognitive
B) approach-avoidance
C) functional
D) learned helplessness