Professor Davis Places a Map of Europe on His Blackboard

Multiple Choice

Professor Davis places a map of Europe on his blackboard, and Bill, a student in the class, encodes the map by reciting, out loud, the names and locations of the different countries on the map. Bill's later inability to recall the spatial elements of the map can be said to be most directly stemming from:

A) the primacy effect
B) the serial position effect
C) the generation effect
D) verbal overshadowing