Question 1

Which of the following factors is the most important determinant of running injuries?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lack of running experience 
B)  Rapid increase in the intensity of training 
C)  Weekly distance run 
D)  Running on hard surfaces C

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the intensity of activity typically experienced during brisk walking by normally active, middle-aged people?

Accepted Answer

A)  60% V̇O2max and 4 METs 
B)  40% V̇O2max and 2 METs 
C)  60% V̇O2max and 6 METs 
D)  80% V̇O2max and 4 METs A

Question 3

Which of the following is considered to be the defining feature of the female athlete triad?

Accepted Answer

A)  Low bone mineral density 
B)  Irregular or absent menses 
C)  Low energy availability 
D)  Low carbohydrate intake C

Question 4

Which of the following statements constitutes the most accurate description of current (2018) recommendations for physical activity levels in adults?

Accepted Answer

A)  Moderate-intensity aerobic activity for a minimum of 150-300 mins each week or vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for a minimum of 75-150 mins each week 
B)  Continuous aerobic activity on 3-5 days per week at an intensity of 50-85% of V̇O2max for 15-60 min per session 
C)  Moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for 60 min daily 
D)  Continuous aerobic activity twice a week at an intensity of 85% of V̇O2max for a minimum of 30 min per session

Question 5

Which of these phrases correctly completes the following sentence? 'When energy availability is low, physiological mechanisms ...'

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduce the metabolic rate to compensate 
B)  Increase the production of catecholamines 
C)  Reduce the amount of energy used for cellular maintenance, thermoregulation, growth and maturation 
D)  Stimulate an osteogenic response

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct definition of the term 'population-attributable risk'?

Accepted Answer

A)  The risk of a specified disease exhibited by an individual who is exposed to more than one risk factor 
B)  The incidence of a disease or characteristic in a population that is associated with an exposure to a risk factor 
C)  The change in risk of a disease associated with modification of a particular health-related behaviour in a population 
D)  The contribution of a particular population to the worldwide incidence of a disease

Question 7

How many steps (as measured by pedometer) have commonly been cited as a reasonable estimate of an appropriate level of daily activity for healthy adults?

Accepted Answer

A)  2,000 
B)  25,000 
C)  5,000 
D)  10,000

Question 8

Which of the following has not been identified as a potential mechanism explaining the increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections in athletes after prolonged exercise?

Accepted Answer

A)  Impaired natural killer cell activity 
B)  Decreased concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 
C)  Impaired neutrophil function 
D)  Decreased immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  in saliva

Question 9

Which of the following would not be described as a 'non-communicable disease'?

Accepted Answer

A)  Type 2 diabetes 
B)  Coronary heart disease 
C)  Polio 
D)  Stroke

Question 10

Studies in the US and Germany have shown that the risk of a sudden exercise-related cardiac event (relative to at all other times) varies according to an individual's:

Accepted Answer

A)  Usual frequency of vigorous exercise 
B)  Age 
C)  Experience in their sport 
D)  Previous participation in moderate-intensity exercise

Exam 8: Public Health and Hazards