determine whether the given argument is valid or invalid. If it is invalid, select a counterexample.
-1. (?x)(?y)(Pxy • ?Pyx)
2) (?x)[(?y)Pxy ? (?y)Qxy] / (?x)(?y)(Qxy • ?Pyx)
A) Valid
B) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of three members, in which:

\begin{array}{lll}\text { Paa: True } & \text { Pab: True } & \text { Pac: False } \\\text { Pba: False } & \text { Pbb: True } & \text { Pbc: True } \\\text { Pca: True } & \text { Pcb: False } & \text { Pcc: True } \\\text { Qaa: False } & \text { Qab: False } & \text { Qac: True } \\\text { Qba: True } & \text { Qbb:True } & \text { Qbc: True } \\\text { Qca: True } & \text { Qcb:True } & \text { Qcc: True }\end{array}

C) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of three members, in which:

\begin{array}{lll}\text { Paa: True } & \text { Pab: True } & \text { Pac: False } \\\text { Pba: False } & \text { Fbb: False } & \text { Pbc: False } \\\text { Pca: False } & \text { Pcb: False } & \text { Pcc: True } \\\text { Qaa: False } & \text { Qab: False } & \text { Qac: True } \\\text { Qba: True } & \text { Qbb:True } & \text { Qbc: False } \\\text { Qca: True } & \text { Qcb: True } & \text { Qcc: True }\end{array}

D) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of three members, in which:

\begin{array}{lll}\text { Paa: False } & \text { Pab: Ture } & \text { Pac: False } \\\text { Pba: False } & \text { Pbb: True } & \text { Pbc: True } \\\text { Pca: True } & \text { Pcb: True } & \text { Pcc: True } \\\text { Qaa: False } & \text { Qab:True } & \text { Qac: True } \\\text { Qba: False } & \text { Qbb:True } & \text { Qbc: True } \\\text { Qca: True } & \text { Qcb:True } & \text { Qcc: False }\end{array}

E) Invalid. Counterexample in a domain of three members, in which:

\begin{array}{lll}\text { Paa: True } & \text { Pab: True } & \text { Pac: False } \\\text { Pla: False } & \text { Pbb: False } & \text { Ploc: True } \\\text { Pca: True } & \text { Pcb: False } & \text { Pcc: True } \\\text { Qaa: False } & \text { Qab: False } & \text { Qac: True } \\\text { Qba: False } & \text { Qbb: False } & \text { Qbc: False } \\\text { Qca: True } & \text { Qcb: True } & \text { Qcc: False }\end{array}

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