A Testing Confound Exists When, in Addition to Any Effects

Multiple Choice

A testing confound exists when, in addition to any effects of the independent variable,

A) participants' past experiences affect their response to the dependent variable.
B) taking a pretest affects participants' scores on the posttest.
C) an event occurs outside the research situation that affects participants' responses on the dependent variable.
D) participants' scores on a measure change over time as a result of natural aging processes.