Professor Cloud Conducts an Experiment to Test a Well-Established Theory

Multiple Choice

Professor Cloud conducts an experiment to test a well-established theory and finds non-significant results. Low theoretical validity is a threat to the validity of his findings if

A) he conducted an exact replication of a previous study that tested the theory.
B) the study excludes one of the experimental conditions proposed to be important by the theory.
C) he failed to include a pretest.
D) any of the above occurred.