Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt Explored

Multiple Choice

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors, including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?

A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) deviance avowal
C) retreatism
D) differential association
E) labeling theory