Some Light-Skinned African Americans Have Dealt with Stigma by Passing

Multiple Choice

Some light-skinned African Americans have dealt with stigma by passing as white. But many African Americans couldn't pass, and others refused to do so; consequently, when they attempted to deal with stigma, they were much more likely to do so via in-group orientation. Which of the following actions would be an example of in-group orientation?

A) using chemical products to straighten curly hair or lighten skin
B) joining a radical group that advocated black separatism and wanted most African Americans to leave the United States
C) buying weapons to defend against violent attacks
D) focusing attention on athletics or other areas where African Americans were more likely to experience success
E) embracing James Brown's song, "Say It Loud, I'm Black and I'm Proud"